Marginal Revenue and Profit

?All together for an organization to have the option to arrive at its maximum capacity money related administration must be set up. This administration should know about at any rate the nuts and bolts of monetary plans which are income, cost and benefit. These three things can represent the moment of truth an organization. Every one of these things must be comprehended and considered before plans can be laid to make or better an organization. Income is the sum an organization gets (Marginal Revenue, 2009). On the off chance that an organization is in the matter of deals, income is the measure of cash the organization gets per unit sold. Minor income is the measure of cash an organization gets for the last unit sold. This is found by isolating the adjustment in income by the adjustment in amount sold. For organizations that rival each other minimal income isn't significant. This is on the grounds that in a serious situation most items are sold at a set cost so minimal income is equivalent to the set deals cost of the item. For a syndication then again, negligible income is significant. Restraining infrastructures have a diminishing negligible income bend (peripheral Revenue, 2009); for an imposing business model the minimal income is not exactly the business cost. This is on the grounds that a syndication must have a lower deals cost so as to expand the measure of item sold. Complete expense is the measure of cash it expenses to work at a specific pace of creation (Baker, 2000). There are two kinds of cost: variable and fixed. Fixed expenses are those that continue as before paying little mind to creation and variable expenses are those that change with creation. Negligible expense is the expansion either to add up to cost or complete variable expense coming about because of one more unit of yield (McConnall and Brue, 2008). Generally this is found by isolating the adjustment in complete expense by the adjustment in amount. Benefit is the positive addition from a speculation or business activity subsequent to taking away costs (Profit, 2009). Benefit augmentation is the possibility that individuals will attempt to make as high a benefit as conceivable given the conditions. Since peripheral income is the measure of income an extra unit will acquire and minimal expense is the sum the extra unit will cost to deliver, at that point benefit boost is where negligible expense and minor income are equivalent (Profit Maximization, 2009). So as long as negligible expense is lower than minimal income there is benefit, yet on the off chance that minor expense ever surpasses peripheral income the last unit ought not be delivered. In the event that the minimal income is higher than the negligible cost, the organization can deliver more units. Entrepreneurs and chiefs should have the option to make a benefit. At whatever point individuals consider benefit, they know that benefit is the measure of cash left after the costs are paid and the vast majority know the more prominent the benefit the happier they will be. The vast majority don't realize that benefit augmentation requires the information on minimal expense and negligible income. So as to decide when an organization is done benefitting from creation of additional units, one must realize that benefit boost is where peripheral income approaches minor expense. Refernces (2009). Minor income: Fundamental money. Recovered July 16, 2009, from fundamentalfinance. com Web website: http://financial aspects. fundamentalfinance. com/micro_revenue. php Baker, S. (2000). Cost ideas. Recovered July 16, 2009, from Economics intelligent instructional exercise Web website: http://hspm. sph. sc. edu/COURSES/ECON/Cost/Cost. html (2009). Benefit. Recovered July 16, 2009, from investorwords. com Web website: http://www. investorwords. com/3880/benefit. html Profit Maximization. Recovered July 16, 2009, Web website: http://www. econ. ilstu. edu/ntskaggs/eco105/readings/benefit max. htm McConnell, C. , and Brue, S. (2008). Microeconomics seventeenth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

The Culture Of Pakistan An Interview With Sohail Shah Essays

The Culture of Pakistan: An Interview with Sohail Shah Prologue to Sociology, MTW 10am Mrs. Linda Cook February 15, 1995 I am constantly intrigued with others' societies. The New York or Californian culture consistently stuns me despite the fact that these states are in the United States. These zones of the country appear to be totally different than Texas. I don't have any companions that have as of late moved here from another culture along these lines, I set out to my local Stop N Go. The representatives at this comfort store are all from different nations. One assistant whom I have conversed with ordinarily, named Sohail Shah, consistently discussed Pakistan. I frequently tuned in to his accounts of being in the Karachi police power or of Pakistan's various traditions. Sohail Shah, a multi year old male representative at the Stop N Go situated on North Braeswood close to Chimney Rock, has been in the United States for a long time. He moved here with his significant other and two youngsters to get away from discipline. Sohail claims he was in the mystery police securing the president when numerous a dministrative changes were made. Huge numbers of his associates were placed in prison for a long time for reasons he would not straightforwardly talk about. He needs to maintain two sources of income since his better half doesn't work. As per Mr. Shah, she will never work. In Pakistan, ladies are to remain at home and bring up youngsters. Right now, Sohail is watching the heavenly month of fasting called Ramadan. This is seen during the ninth month of the Islamic year and is appointed by the Koran, the Islam heavenly book. The fasting starts each morning at first light and closures promptly at nightfall. Muslims can't eat, drink or smoke by any means. At night, customary exercises continue. The Islam driven culture of Pakistan shapes regular daily existence. Every day, all Muslims ask multiple times. The first is before dawn, the second around early afternoon, the third in the late evening, the fourth following dusk, and the fifth before resigning and before 12 PM. They face the Kaa ba, which is a little box in Mecca. Regardless of where a Muslim is, he will delay, face the East, and implore when the time has come. When Sohail lived in Pakistan, he lived in a house with his entire family. As a grown-up, he lived with his folks and kin just as his better half and youngsters. The house was enormous enough to suit more than fourteen individuals. All the ladies remained at home to keep up the house and plan suppers. On the off chance that the ladies were to go to the market, they would totally cover themselves aside from their eyes. Ladies were not to be found in broad daylight without covers. Likewise, the spouses trust that their husbands will get back home before eating. The Koran favors of polygamy, permitting up to four spouses. On the off chance that a Pakistani chooses to wed a subsequent spouse, his first wife must affirm of her. Shah says polygamy isn't extremely basic in Pakistan. A commonplace day in Pakistan for Shah was to wake up before dawn and implo re. His significant other would get ready breakfast for him before he left for work. He would leave for his police work when a defensively covered truck halted at his home. He was an official in the police power before being elevated to the mystery police. Shah rode around Karachi, the biggest city in Pakistan, in the truck with twelve other rifle conveying cops the whole day. In spite of the fact that there is about zero wrongdoing in Pakistan, the danger of fear mongering keeps the police occupied. The wrongdoing circumstance depends on serious disciplines, for example, removal of a hand for taking. Moreover, the individuals of Pakistan have an exceptionally solid still, small voice. Individuals leave their homes and organizations opened while away. When Sohail got back, his better half would eat effectively made for him and his whole family would eat when all the men came back from work. While the men are away, the ladies deal with the youngsters, heat bread, and make ceramics or crates to sell at the market. His huge family would then talk about various subjects of enthusiasm before resigning. I found that the memorial service courses of action are to some degree abnormal. Initially, ladies may go to the wake when an individual passes on however may not

CSR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CSR - Assignment Example The main component of CSR which is about individuals respects the social issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). They incorporate wellbeing and security of the customers expending the company’s items, the security of the nearby individuals from the vaporous discharges of the organization, work environment conditions for the representatives and arrangement of a reasonable degree of recreation for the human asset of the organization. The planet component of Corporate Social Responsibility respects the ecological issues. Issues under concentration for this situation is for example contamination through clamor from the creation procedure of the organization, blockage, environmental change brought about by the vaporous discharges of the organization, the board of the company’s squander items, reusing and the utilization of elective wellsprings of vitality like sun powered and wind. Organizations run for the main explanation of making the benefit. The Corporate Social Responsibility component of benefit respects the companys job in making benefits and expanding the estimation of the investors ventures (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). The outlines that an organization should concentrate on so as to best arrangement with the component of benefit incorporate the monetary exhibition of the organization, better venture choices, human capital improvement, building business connections and systems and the administration endowments. Conviction alludes to the situation where the organization does what it feels is commonly acknowledged as moral and right and intentionally adds to the nearby network by doing altruistic undertakings (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). Instances of Corporate Social Responsibility exercises that fall under the zone of conviction incorporate structure spans, supporting schools and beginning establishments to subsidize the training of the poor youngsters in the nearby network. Corporate Social Responsibility exercises that fall under the consistence zone are those that upgrade the company’s consistence with the law and the different necessities of outside guidelines. Such

Operations Management An International Perspective.

Question: Talk about theOperations Management An International Perspective. Answer: Activities Management In a perfect business world, both limited and unified offices are important yet inferable from the shortage of the assets, an organization needs to settle on a decision. While having a solitary huge, halfway found courtesy may add to longer lead times on orders, it prompts a few advantages gathering to the firm rather than decentralized offices. Concentrating business tasks in a single area for the most part brings down activity consumptions. This implies the organization is bringing about less utility costs, for example, lease and it isn't needing numerous representatives and hardware. Alongside this intense decrease in activity costs, a huge incorporated courtesy adds to diminished dispersion and inbounds uses. Such cost points of interest help the organization to either expand its net revenues or lower costs or win more clients ready. Barnes, (2008) contends that choices, regardless of whether to bring together or decentralize tasks, are progressively proficient when practically all partner influenced by the methodology are included. Such gatherings who ought to be fused into this dynamic methodology incorporate workers, providers, customer agents, applicable neighborhood government organizations and appropriate specialists. Also, it merits perceiving the significance of innovation in encouraging ideal choices in this current condition. Educational innovation, for example, can furnish the organization with an Artificial Intelligence System (AIS) and a Decision emotionally supportive network (DSS)which upon their amalgamation can help with making information through an online orderly procedure, along these lines making exercises that could require generous effort and investigation simple. The Kraft Heinz Company, an American universal enterprise, is a case of an association which in 2015 chose to unite its Northern America activities. Kraft Heinz Co. intended to close down seven assembling offices and in the process lay off 2500 laborers nearby evacuating 700 situations at the organization. As per the VP, Michael Mullen, the centralization methodology is a significant advance to kill unreasonable creation and cut off operational expenses for the new combined organization and consequently increase the firm seriousness and improvement (Keith, 2015). References Barnes, D. (2008).Operations Management: An International Perspective. London: Thomson. Keith, N. (2015). Kraft Heinz solidifying North American tasks. Foodbusinessnews.net. Recovered 10 March 2017, from https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/news_home/Business_News/2015/11/Kraft_Heinz_consolidating_Nort.aspx?ID=%7B6E77A1A4-5BD8-4137-91C9-AAC986AEED60%7Dcck=1

Endoscopy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Endoscopy - Essay Example Ongoing investigations have thought of different innovations in the endoscopic world. Here is the summery of few. Self impelled endoscopy-It is a remote innovation wherein a little container is gulped or embedded through rear-end. This container is not exactly a large portion of an inch in distance across and 2inches long. This case swims into stomach related tract so has been nicknamed as ‘Mermaid’. Case developments are constrained by remote. It chips away at attractive drive component. It tends to be coordinated any place it is required by its apparatus framework. It has broad battery life for better execution. Infrared based endoscopy-This endoscope is outfitted with an infra red laser and a little mirror this is equipped for taking pictures up to 2 mm underneath the tissue surface. Dissimilar to customary endoscopes which center just around the surface zone, this most recent endoscopy strategy will bring you where it counts to recognize beginning periods of malignancy and will likewise be useful during the disease medical procedure as this will exhibit the degree of the disease tissue. Superior quality endoscopes-These top quality endoscopes with the assistance of wide screen sensor offer extraordinary imaging of the tissues. It additionally gives the doctor better clearness and perceivability during surgeries

Dies Irae

Dies Irae DID YOU KNOW? Institute Professor and Pulitzer Prize-winning composer John Harbison is teaching the undergraduate class 21M.304: Writing in Tonal Forms II this term? Just a thought before I get some sleep: I made an impulse buy of some Star Wars: Episode III valentines the other day at Star Market. They cost $2.99 plus tax. Upon starting to address them tonight, I noticed that none of them are really appropriate for showing true affectionthey all feature sentiments like: Anakin: To a most powerful friend! Yoda: My trusted ally you are. Palpatine: Together, we can rule the galaxy! Obi-Wan: May the Force be with you! Darth Vader: You have my allegiance. C3PO: To a splendid counterpart! R2D2: You can fly with me anytime! Only the last one of those is even close to being an actual valentine, and it features a picture of a droid that cant really talk. I guess they assumed that the kind of person who would buy Star Wars-themed valentine set probably wouldnt be needing any actual valentines. More on classes, work, and your strange obsession with leaving digits of pi in my comments tomorrow.

Essay on Ethics and Law for Administrators

Essay on Ethics and Law for Administrators From the scientific point of view it is impossible to prove the beginning of life from the moment of conception. The question of when human life begins, is a question theological, legal or philosophical, as many people argue, only not scientific and biological. It is also favorite tactics of the groups supporting performing abortions. They constantly claim what cant be learned when life begins and that we at all never learn about it. However we eventually could define the beginning of life. It begins during conception, and since then the fruit is a human being. There is no such jump, transformation from nothing into something, from not being in a being. Life is a smooth range from the beginning till the end. And permission to abortions means no other than planned, not forbidden destruction of human life. Deadly violence abortion is an inexcusable evil. I agree that undesirable pregnancy is a very difficult dilemma. However to look for the decision her in destruction of life means shameful approval of violence. Hospice and palliative care are very common nowadays. Some believe that it is the way to go, however, many argue that it is a waste of time and money since the results are known ahead. According to National Caregivers Library, palliative care is the way to go as it is have more benefit. According to the advance directive law, â€Å"every patient has the right to refuse or accept medical treatment. In case the patient loses the ability to make decisions, health providers or immediate family can make the decision. The law includes right to attorney for health choices, however it does not include the living will. Overall, I consider hospice and palliative care very beneficial for both relatives and the patient as the loved ones know that the patient’s pain is at its lowest if not gone completely

Common Law In Regards To Psychiatric Injury - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4103 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Topics: Act Essay Did you like this example? Gentlemen, on 15 April 1989, there was a terrible disaster at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield football. The pressure of the masses trying to land 95 people crushed on the terraces are killed and many injured. On that day the plaintiffs (respondents to this appeal) members of the South Yorkshire Police Force were on duty at the stadium or elsewhere in Sheffield. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Common Law In Regards To Psychiatric Injury" essay for you Create order Everyone was involved in some way in the terrible consequences. Two helped to carry the dead and the dying. Two sought in vain to give CPR to those who had laid on the floor. Support in the hospital morgue. As a result of their experience, the applicants have made what was diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder, a medically recognized psychiatric illness has been suffered. The symptoms have affected their ability to work and personal life. You damages for negligence against Chief Constable of South Yorkshire and two other defendants. There were of course many people in the stadium that day, even trying as best they could to help the victims: other police officers, first assistants, paramedics and members of the public. Some of them, along with grieving relatives and friends have also developed psychiatric disorders. The claims of some of the relatives were [of your Lordships House in Alcock v. Chief Constable Of South Yorkshire in 1992 included] 1 AC 310th For reasons that I discuss, they were all rejected. But, say the plaintiffs in this appeal that the police are in a different position. First, they were Staff of the Chief Constable and they claim that the employment created obligations which are not compared to strangers. Secondly, they were present and assisted in the disaster and not just passive and helpless bystanders [that they] were rescuers. It is admitted that the disaster caused by the negligence of persons for which the accused was caused vicariously liable. The only question is whether, under such circumstances the law allows the recovery of compensation for the type of injury, having suffered by the applicants. Compensation for personal injury caused by negligence is usually recoverable if the defendant could have reasonably foreseen as a result his behavior such violations. But the common law has been reluctant to equate psychiatric injury with other forms of assault. For a long time in this century, it remained unclear whether the basis was for a liability for the emergence of a recognized psychiatric disorder simply a question of foreseeability of this type of injury in the same manner as in the case of injury. The decision of the House of Lords in Bourhill v. Young [1943] AC 1992 seemed to many to combine what is in theory a simple foreseeability test with a robust wartime view of the ability of the ordinary person to horror and sadness, without suffering ill effect. Cases soon afterwards, as King v. Phillips [1953] 1 QB 429, followed this approach, the treatment predict how an actual question, but hold potential liability within narrow limits by a very restrictive view of the circumstances in which it was foreseeable that psychiatric injury might occur. But such decisions are criticized as unrealistic. Everyone knew that some people suffer from mental illness as a result of accidents have experienced stressful in which other people, espec ially near relatives, were involved. Some judges, sympathetic to the plaintiff in the particular case, used the opportunity as a fact that had psychiatric injuries are real predictable. This made it difficult to explain why plaintiff had failed in other cases In Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire in 1992] [1 AC 310 the House decided that the liability for psychiatric injury should be by what are Lord Lloyd of Berwick (in Page v. Smith [1996] AC 155, 189) later as a limited control, that is, more or less arbitrary conditions the plaintiff had a satisfying and which were intended to keep liability within what is considered acceptable limits. Alcock was A case that has arisen from the Hillsborough disaster. The applicants were people who had seen the events from other parts of the stadium or on television or heard it from others and then found that their relatives were among the dead. It was for the purposes of the complaint must be assumed that these experiences hav e caused them psychiatric injury. The house has been some additional conditions to be satisfied for a successful claim. I tell them in summary form, which I think is sufficiently accurate for the purposes of the present discussion but it can be used for other purposes require qualification and does not purport to be a complete description. (1) The applicant must be close ties of love and affection with the victim. Such bonds may be suspected in some cases (shown eg spouse, parent and child), but must otherwise. (2) The applicant must present in an accident or immediately thereafter. (3) The psychiatric injury must not have been in hearing about them through direct perception of the accident or its immediate consequences and caused by someone else. The result of these various control mechanisms, was that none of the Hillsborough relatives was entitled to recover. has reached the position that [the law as a result of Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire 1992] 1 AC 310, has not won universal approval. The control mechanisms are as drawing distinctions which the ordinary man would be too difficult to understand has been criticized. Jane Stapleton [The limits of liability (1994)] has said that a mother, the psychiatric injury suffered by that childs mutilated body in a mortuary could, why the law provisions of their childs blood to dry to wonder was an action . Even the spectacle of a plaintiff who has psychiatric illness suffered in consequence of his brothers death or injury, check with cross-legged on the degree of their bonds of love and affection and would then perhaps contradicted by evidence of a private investigator, might not be to everyones taste But It is too late to go back to the control mechanisms as indicated in Alcock. As long as there is no change of legislation, the courts must have to live with them, and any judicial developments, to consider them. The control mechanisms were apparently never intended to apply to all cases of psychiatric injury. They consider that the injuries as a result of death or injury was caused, suffered by someone else. In Page v. Smith, Lord Lloyd of Berwick described as a plaintiff as secondary victims who was in the position of a spectator or bystander. He described the plaintiff in this case (who had psychiatric injury as a result in a minor accident suffered engine) as the main victim who was directly involved in the accident and also in the range of foreseeable injury. A majority of your Lordships held that foreseeability of injury enough, a claim was held at the psychiatric injury which caused the accident. This question does not arise in this case, but the division into primary and secondary victims was discussed. The plaintiffs say they are primarily victims, because they were spectators or passers-by. The defendants say that the plaintiff secondary victims because they were not in the area of foreseeable injuries were. Essentially The plaintiffs make two distinctions between their position and that of spectators or passers-by. The first is that they [were employees] they were therefore a special obligation to, [representative of those] responsible, reasonable care to not expose them to unnecessary risk of injury, whether physical or psychiatric. Second, the plaintiff [Been] Rescuers, who, it was said, ever to qualify as primary victims. Employee I will first consider the claim to primary status under the employment The liability of an employer to his employees for negligence, either directly or agents, is not a separate tort with its own rules. It is an aspect of the general law of negligence. The relationship between employer a nd employee, the employee as a person to whom the employer owes a duty of care. But it says nothing about the circumstances under which he is liable for a certain type of injury. has suffered for it, one has the general law on the nature of the injury, looks If the employment one reason why an employee for damages for psychiatric injury in cases in which he otherwise a secondary victim and not the rest Alcock control mechanisms will be? In principle I do not think it would be fair to give police officers the right to a larger claim merely because the disaster was caused by the negligence of other policemen. In cases where the injuries were caused, I do not think this is a relevant difference, and whether it impacts should be given, the law would not like cases are treated equally. I must therefore determine whether the authorities require a contrary conclusion. And to check into it, it is important to remember, as I said earlier that they do not simultaneously statements of the law but represent legal thinking at different points in a half century of uneven development. In Robertson v. Forth Road Bridge Joint Board [1995] SC 364 [a Scottish case] Lord Hope rejected an application for psychiatric injury by employees who had witnessed the death of a fellow employee in the course of, employed at the same workplace. I respectfully agree with the reasoning of my noble and learned friend, I for one reject the employment relationship as in itself a sufficient basis for liability. Rescuers Rescue forces may without difficulty in the general principles of the law of negligence can be accommodated. There are two issues that may arise. The first is whether injury to the rescuer was foreseeable. There is usually no difficulties in operation if it is foreseeable that someone would be put in danger, it was foreseeable that someone would go to find it or try to save him or help in other ways, it in his misery. The second question is [causality] whether the voluntary act of the rescuer, or seeking help on their own life in danger negatives the cau sal connection between the original negligence and his injury. Once again, the courts also have little difficulty that such a person act from a sense of moral obligation, does not make the choice that would be necessary to eliminate the causal effect of the defendants conduct had The cases on rescuers are therefore quite simple illustrations of the application of the general principles of foreseeability and causation to particular facts. There is no authority which decides a savior in a special position in terms of liability for psychiatric injury. I am not at all logical reason why the normal treatment of rescuers on the questions of foreseeability and causation to the conclusion, should that for the purposes of liability for psychiatric injury, it has a particular treatment should lead be given as the primary victims, if they were not in the range of foreseeable physical injury and mental injury was the participation of witnesses or the consequences of accidents which cause d death or injury to others. I would like would sue in passing that I do not believe that someone should not be able to recover to be caused by negligence, in circumstances in which he justified as a rule, for injury, we say that just because his job from him demanded that lead to the risk of such injury. Such legislation, the so-called Firemans Rule gains in some of the United States, was rejected by your Lordships House, but in Ogwo v. Taylor [1988] 1 AC 431st The question here is quite different. It is not whether a policeman in the case should be excluded, in which he normally would have a right of action, but whether it should be liable for rescuers and aid workers, as its a class. And on the question of whether liability should be extended for psychiatric injury of such a class, I think it is legitimate, given the fact that in the nature of things, many of their members from occupations in which they are trained and required be to run such risks and to appropriate services if they should suffer such injuries. Of course, I feel great sympathy for the claimants, as I for all those whose lives from that day on Hillsborough branded. But I think that fairness requires that your Lordships should reject. I also have the draft of the speech of the noble and read my learned friend, Lord Steyn and tell me his reasons for the same price, which seems to me essentially the same as my own. So I want to dismiss the complaint. Lord Steyn: Political considerations and Psychiatric Harm Political considerations have certainly won a role in shaping the law on collection for pure psychiatric harm. The law imposes different rules on the recovery of compensation for physical injuries and psychological damage. It is law that bystanders at tragic events, even if they suffer foreseeable psychiatric injury are not entitled to recover damages: Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police in 1992] [1 AC handled 310th The courts have considered the political reasons against the admission of such claims as compelling. It seems reasonable to ask why such different rules were created for the recovery of the two types of damage. In his Casebook on Tort, 7 Edition. Weir gives the following account (at 88): It is equally no doubt that the public a distinction between the neurotic and the cripple, between the man, his concentration and the man his leg loses, loses. It generally takes the view that it is less to worry when he is beaten, is that trauma to the mind less than lesion to the body. Many people would say that, consequently, the duty not to injure themselves foreigners is greater than the duty not to disturb them. The law has the distinction as one would expect, reflects not only by refusing damages for grief altogether, but by granting recovery for other psychological damage late and reluctantly, and also then only in very clear cases. in tort, does include clear in the vicinity of the victim, near the accident near the defendant. I have no doubt that public perception plays an essential role in the development of this branch of the law. But today we must accept that the medical reality could be more serious psychiatric harm than physical damage. It is therefore necessary to consider whether it can justify other objective considerations, the different rules for the recovery of compensation for physical injuries and psychological damage. And in my view it would not be sufficient on the b asis that it continue not specified policy considerations at stake. If, as I believe there are such considerations, it is necessary to explain what are the political considerations, allowing the validity of my assumptions are critically examined by others. My impression is that there are at least four characteristic features of claims for psychiatric damage, which may take into account in combination for the different treatment. First, there is the complexity of drawing the line between acute pain and psychiatric harm The symptoms may be the same. But there is a greater diagnostic uncertainty in psychiatric injury cases than in cases of bodily harm. The classification of the emotional injury is often disputed. To determine psychiatric harm, expert advice is required. This involves the appointment of the consultant psychiatrists on both sides. It is a costly and time consuming exercise. When claims from a psychiatric damage were treated as generally on par with physical injuries, it would have consequences for the administration of justice. On its own this factor not be entitled to great weight and should not outweigh the considerations of justice support genuine claims in respect of pure psychiatric injury. Second, there have experienced the effect of extending the availability of compensation to potential claimants, the gruesome events. I do not have in mind or fraudulent misrepresentation. In general, it is should be for the administration of justice to debunk possible such claims. But I am thinking of the unconscious effect of the prospect of compensation for potential applicants. Where there are generally no prospect of recovery, as in the case of injuries sustained in sport does not appear to impose too many psychiatric damage. On the other hand, in case of accidents, where there is often a prospect of recovery of compensation, psychiatric damage is encountered again and again and often lasts until the process is claimed compensation to an end The litigation is sometimes an unconscious barrier to rehabilitation. It is true that this factor is already present in cases of physical injuries with concomitant mental suffering. But it may be a more important role in cases of pure psychiatric injury to play, especially when the categories of potential recovery increased. For my part, this factor can not be dismissed. The third factor is important. Enlarge the lifting or easing of the special rules for the recovery of damages for psychiatric harm significantly the class of persons, damage would be able to recover in tort. It is true that compensation for psychiatric harm routinely, if the plaintiff has suffered some physical damage award. It is also known that psychiatric harm is sufficient from the collection of physical harm due to: Page v. Smith [1996] AC 155th These two principles are not surprising. built in such situations are restrictions on the classes of plaintiffs to sue who can: the requirement of the infliction of injury or some feared to have, brings an element of immediacy, which restricts the class of potential plaintiffs. But in cases of pure psychiatric harm, it may be a large class of plaintiffs involved. Fourth, the imposition of liability for pure psychiatric injury in a variety of situations that a burden on the defendants liability in proportion to the tort involved, perhaps momentary lapses of concentration, for example, can result in a car accident. The broad scope of potential liability for pure psychiatric harm is illustrated not only by the rather unique events of Hillsborough, but also from the accidents with trains, buses, and the daily life of serious collisions of vehicles that can run in all the gruesome scenes. In such cases, it can be supported too many claims for psychiatric harm to those who have experienced, and in some ways at the scenes of the tragic events The police claim In the present case, the police officers more than just spectators. They were al l on duty at the stadium. They were all involved in assisting in the exercise of their duties following the terrible events. And they have suffered debilitating psychiatric harm. The police, therefore, argue, and are entitled to argue that the law is to compensate for the injustice that caused harm to them. This argument can not be lightly dismissed. But I am convinced that recognition of their claims would substantially expand the existing categories in which compensation for pure psychiatric injury can be restored. Also the award of damages to these policemen sits uneasily with the denial of the claims of the surviving relatives by the decision of the House of Lords in Alcock. The case law To understand how the law stands, it is necessary to follow the outline of its development. In Dulieu v. White Sons [1901] 2 K.B. 669 The Court of Appeals announced a small and relatively simple rule: psychiatric injury was actionable only if it were taken up by the applicant re asonably fear for his safety. But in Hambrook v. Stokes Brothers [1925] l.K.B. 141 The Court of Appeal dismissed the restriction in Dulieu v. White Sons in favor of a mother, the psychiatric injury suffered as a result of a fear of injury their child placed, which they just parted. The mother was described as courageous and dedicated her child and was allowed to recover. The next development step was the decision of the House of Lords in Bourhill v. Young [1943] AC 92 favor [ing] the limitation of liability for psychiatric injury in the field of physical damage. But the status of Hambrook v. Stokes Brothers remained unclear. Then came the decision in McLoughlin v. OBrian [1983] AC 410th The leading decision of the House of Lords is Alcock (1992). In this case, the rule was that only parents and spouses could for psychiatric damage as a result of witnessing a traumatic event recover. In the group of applicants Alcock, for the psychiatric injuries that included sued from the events in Hillsborough relatives who were in the stadium. The House rejected all claims and found that a person suffering reasonably foreseeable psychiatric illness as a result of another person to death or injury can not be recovered damages if it can meet three requirements, namely: (i) that it has a close combination of love and affection with the person killed, injured or endangered, (ii) that he was close to the incident in time and space, (iii) that he perceived the incident directly, rather than, for example, hearing about it from a third person . The decision of the House of Lords in Page v. Smith [1996] AC 155 was the next important development in this branch of the law. The plaintiff was directly involved in a car accident. He was within the range of possible injury. As a result of the accident he suffered from chronic fatigue syndrome. Lord Lloyd of Berwick was a distinction between primary and secondary victims: Lord Ackner and Lord Browne-Wilkinson agreed. Lord Lloyd said that a plaintiff who was in the range of foreseeable injury was a primary victim. Mr Page fulfilled this requirement and could in principle re-compensation for psychiatric loss. From my perspective, it follows that all other victims, who suffer pure psychiatric injury secondary victims and must satisfy the control mechanisms in Alcock. The decision of the House of Lords in Page v. Smith was clearly intended to harm in the context of pure psychiatric, to narrow the spectrum of potential secondary victims. The argument of Mr Lloyd and the Law Lo rds who agreed with him, is based on the concerns over an increasingly wide circle of applicants. The employment argument The rules that apply when an employee brings a sustained action against his employer for damages to his workplace, the rules of tort law. One is therefore thrown back to the ordinary rules of law of torts, which include restrictions on the recovery of compensation for psychiatric damage. This type of implementation, therefore, not previously the case to the police The rescue argument The law has long been the moral imperative of encouraging citizens to rescue persons in danger to be recognized. Those who selflessly put themselves at risk to save others during an emergency, favored by the law. A rescue attempt to save someone from the risk can be regarded as predictable If a rescuer is in a rescue attempt, a plea of non fit injuria volenti will not help the offender violated. A plea of contributory negligence is usually a short process is done. A rescuer in danger of the act is not treated as a novus actus intervene for itself. Here is the question: Who is in terms of pure psychiatric harm sustained recovery as the savior? The particular problem is that it is undisputed that none of the four police officers at any time exposed to personal danger, and no one thought he was so exposed, is To include the concept of the savior within reasonable limits, for the purpose of recovering compensation for pure psychiatric harm the plaintiff must have at least the t hreshold requirement that he set an objective of the danger or reasonably assume that he doing so. Without such a limitation would be the unedifying spectacle that, while grieving relatives is not allowed, as in Alcock, ghoulishly curious spectators, who in any way assisted in the peripheral after a disaster again, can recover. For my part, to limit the actual danger or is in custody, which means close in this particular situation. In my opinion it would be an unwarranted extension of the law on the claims of the police officer will confirm. I would dismiss the argument in this section. So far and not further In my view, is the only sensible general strategy for the courts, so far no further, and say. The only sensible way to treat the pragmatic categories as reflected in relevant decisions, such as Alcock and Page v. Smith as settled at the time but by and large, no expansion or development in this corner of the law to leave it to parliament. In reality, there is no refin ed analytical tools which enable the courts to draw lines in the form of compromise in a way that is coherent and morally defensible, it is. It must be left to Parliament to undertake the task of a radical reform.

The Detrimental Nature Of Covering Sexual Orientation

Zach Farley Professor Victoria Kill Uncovering Civil Rights 14 October 2014 The Detrimental Nature of Covering Sexual Orientation Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights, a book by a Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law, Kenji Yoshino details a specific version of assimilation called covering. Yoshino defines covering as â€Å"[toning] down a disfavored identity to fit into the main stream† (Yoshino ix). As a gay man of Japanese descent living in the United States, Yoshino feels both internal and societal pressure to assimilate into â€Å"typical† American culture by covering himself along four primary axes: appearance, affiliation, activism and association. This societal expectation to cover one’s homosexuality†¦show more content†¦Yoshino states â€Å"[†¦] assimilation is not an escape from discrimination, but precisely its effect† (Yoshino, The Pressure to Cover). The incorrect notion that covering is an acceptable way to limit discrimination is one almost unique to the expression of o ne’s sexual orientation. This form of discrimination is one that is less pronounced than its counter parts but is equally harmful. The harm comes for the dilution and eventual destruction of gay culture caused by the societal pressure to act â€Å"straight†. Forcing the gay community to act straight should not be crowned as a solution to homophobia just as â€Å"When a Jew is forced to convert to Protestantism, for instance, we do not celebrate that as an evasion of anti-Semitism† (Yoshino, The Pressure to Cover). It is not a solution to homophobia because homophobia has not been dispelled; it merely limits the number of possible targets. The only solution is one through significant societal and political change. To Yoshino the stigma against flaunting falls within the same category as the stigma against covering, and views both as, â€Å"as much an assault on a gay individual’s civil rights as the 1981 case in which an African-American woman was fired by American Airlines for wearing her hair in cornrows† (Frey, â€Å"Introducing Kenji Yoshino†). This more specific form of forced assimilation only helps to further the idea that the majority is able to dictate â€Å"how gay† someone is able to act or

The Fujita Scale for Tornado Damage

Note: The U.S. National Weather Service has updated the Fujita Scale of tornado intensity to a new Enhanced Fujita Scale. The new Enhanced Fujita Scale continues to use F0-F5 ratings (shown below) but is based on a additional calculations of wind and damage. It was implemented in the United States on February 1, 2007. Tetsuya Theodore Ted Fujita (1920-1998) is famous for developing the Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale, a scale used to measure the strength of a tornado based on the damage it produces. Fujita was born in Japan and studied the damage caused by the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. He developed his scale in 1971 while working as a meteorologist with the University of Chicago. The Fujita Scale (also known as the F-Scale) typically consists of six ratings from F0 to F5, with damage rated as light to incredible. Sometimes, an F6 category, the inconceivable tornado is included in the scale. Since the Fujita Scale is based on damage and not really wind speed or pressure, it is not perfect. The primary problem is that a tornado can only be measured in the Fujita Scale after it has occurred. Secondly, the tornado can not be measured if there is no damage when the tornado occurs in an area without any features to be damaged. Nonetheless, the Fujita Scale has proven to be a reliable measurement of the strength of a tornado. Tornado damage needs to be examined by experts in order to assign a Fujita Scale rating to the tornado. Sometimes tornado damage appears worse than it actually is and sometimes, the media may overemphasize certain aspects of the damage tornadoes can cause. For example, straw can be driven into telephone poles at speeds as low as 50 mph. The Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale F0 - Gale With winds of less than 73 miles per hour (116 kph), F0 tornadoes are called gale tornadoes and cause some damage to chimneys, damage sign boards, and break branches off of trees and topple shallow-rooted trees. F1 - Moderate With winds from 73 to 112 mph (117-180 kph), F1 tornadoes are called moderate tornadoes. They peel surfaces off of roofs, push mobile homes off of their foundations or even overturn them, and push cars off of the road. F0 and F1 tornadoes are considered weak; 74% of all measured tornadoes from 1950 to 1994 are weak. F2 - Significant With winds from 113-157 mph (181-253 kph), F2 tornadoes are called significant tornadoes and cause considerable damage. They can tear the roofs off of light frame houses, demolish mobile homes, overturn railroad boxcars, uproot or snap large trees, lift cars off the ground, and turn light objects into missiles. F3 - Severe With winds from 158-206 mph (254-332 kph), F3 tornadoes are called severe tornadoes. They can tear the roofs and walls off of well-constructed houses, uproot the trees in a forest, overturn entire trains, and can throw cars. F2 and F3 tornadoes are considered strong and account for 25% of all tornadoes measured from 1950 to 1994. F4 - Devastating With winds from 207-260 mph (333-416 kph), F4 tornadoes are called devastating tornadoes. They level well-constructed houses, blow structures with weak foundations some distances, and turn large objects into missiles. F5 - Incredible With winds from 261-318 mph (417-509 kph), F5 tornadoes are called incredible tornadoes. They lift and blow strong houses, debark trees, cause car-sized objects to fly through the air, and cause incredible damage and phenomena to occur. F4 and F5 tornadoes are called violent and account for a mere 1% of all tornadoes measured from 1950 to 1994. Very few F5 tornadoes occur. F6 - Inconceivable With winds above 318 mph (509 kph), F6 tornadoes are considered inconceivable tornadoes. No F6 has ever been recorded and the wind speeds are very unlikely. It would be difficult to measure such a tornado as there would be no objects left to study. Some continue to measure tornadoes up to F12 and Mach 1 (the speed of sound) at 761.5 mph (1218.4 kph) but again, this a hypothetical modification of the Fujita Scale.

The legal and insurance implications of staging a concert....

Name: Steven Jackson Email: mcbsjackson@gmail.com Advanced Diploma in Event management Assessment no.4 The legal and insurance implications of staging a concert. Before staging a concert in a locality, there are some areas that need to be considered like: †¢ Organizational structure and legal status †¢ Event Ownership †¢ Contracts and agreements †¢ Licences and permission †¢ Insurance Organizational Structures There are five types of†¦show more content†¦A limited company has named directors whose financial liability is either limited by guarantee or by shares. Setting up this kind of organisation involves to comply additional costs and time in order to comply to the company law. ! Charitable Status Organisations with charitable purposes can apply for charitable status. Benefits include tax advantages and the ability to receive donations from charitable trusts. To qualify for a charitable status, the organisation need to deliver a clear educational or social benefit to the public. Event Ownership You must establish who actually owns the event and therefore has the various rights and liabilities associated with it. It must be clear if whether you have the right to enter into any contracts with third parties on behalf of the event. Sanctioning In some cases, it may be necessaryShow MoreRelatedInternal Revenue Code 1939278050 Words   |  1113 Pagesthe purpose of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same, and, therefore, no inference, implication or presumption of legislative construction shall be drawn or made by reason of the location or grouping of any particular section or provision or portion thereof, nor shall any outline, analysis, cross reference, or descriptive matter relating to the contents of said Title be given any legal effect. SEC. 7. EFFECT UPON SUBSEQUENT LEGISLATION.—The enactment of this act shall not repeal norRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesBusiness. 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That means that if they still have slaves it’s under the legal â€Å"radar.† a. The indicator is â€Å"That means† and the conclusion is that slavery in Saudi Arabia is under the legal â€Å"radar.† b. The indicator is â€Å"That means† and the conclusion is that slavery in Saudi Arabia was officially abolished in 1962. c. There is no conclusion indicator, but the conclusion is that if Saudi Arabia still has slaves, then it is under the legal â€Å"radar.† d. The indicator is â€Å"That means that if† and the conclusion

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Free Essays

Dr. Jekyll of Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hyde is a doctor who uses his laboratory to concoct a serum which turns him into his evil alter ego Hyde. Dr. Jekyll and Hyde come across as opposites however, they also have a similarity. Both Hyde and Jekyll share no sense of morality and have evil intentions. However, Hyde goes the extra mile and his physicality and actions are also evil. Hyde because of his deformity is expected to be evil and can therefore express his evil desires when he wishes. The difference between the two though is that Jekyll due to his appearance and social status has to hide his morale evilness. Hyde is someone composed of pure evilness. He has no morality, commits evil actions such as murder, and his appearance is pure evil. Hyde is described as â€Å"†¦something displeasing, something downright detestable†¦I never saw a man I so disliked†¦he gives a strong feeling of deformity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11). With word use like â€Å"displeasing,† â€Å"detestable,† and â€Å"deformity,† it’s easy to see why someone who sees the appearance of Hyde might make the assumption he’s capable of evil intentions, or he’s actually evil. To add to this, the statement said by Mr. Utterson, â€Å"†¦if ever I read Satan’s signature upon a face, it is not that of your new friend† (17) shows how evil he appears. It wouldn’t be considered out of the ordinary for someone who looks like Hyde to be caught doing something evil making him the perfect cover up for Jekyll. Jekyll due to his appearance and status in society has to use Hyde as a cover up for his evil intentions. Dr. Jekyll is described as â€Å"†¦a large, well made, smooth-faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (19). Jekyll’s description directs to him being handsome, and kind. His description added with the fact he’s a doctor makes it unable for him to express, or even have evil intentions in his life. This is because he’s a doctor, and doctors help people rather than harm them. Also his appearance leads those around him away from the thought of evil intentions because he’s so handsome and kind. However, this doesn’t mean that Jekyll isn’t in fact just as evil as Hyde. While Hyde performs evil actions like murder, it’s still Jekyll behind them. Hyde isn’t physically another body. Jekyll’s just hiding his evilness behind another identity of his with the help of a scientific transformation. Jekyll all along has had evil intentions. He just couldn’t express them due to the reactions and consequences he’d face. In his statement of the case, Jekyll says, â€Å"If each, I told myself, could but be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable; the unjust might go his way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (49). Here Jekyll admits that he doesn’t want the consequences but wants the reward of committing evil actions. Jekyll says his life â€Å"†¦would be relieved of all that was unbearable,† (49) but â€Å"†¦the unjust might go his way.† What Jekyll would be relieved of is having to hold in his evil intentions. The unjust he’s describing is the consequences he’d face, and the â€Å"his way† he’s describing is another identity on which the consequences would fall. Hyde is just a personality, and with the help of a scientific transformation appears to be a different body, but is not. The original body is still Jekyll, and the body of Hyde is being run by the evil thoughts of Jekyll. While Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a story about good v.s. evil within Jekyll and Hyde, Jekyll is in fact also evil. His desire to commit evil actions by creating a new identity he can place the blame on is morally not right. Even if it was Jekyll’s alter ego Hyde committing the acts, Jekyll creating Hyde with the help of a scientific transformation allowed evil to be placed into the world with the intention something bad would happen is just as evil as committing the actions themselves. How to cite Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Papers

Arete in the republic Essay Example For Students

Arete in the republic Essay Plato is one of the greatest philosophers ever. Born in Athens, in 427 BC, and died in 347 BC. Socrates taught him. Socrates not only taught Plato, but was also Platos best friend. Socrates was put to death in 399 BC, because of his ideas. After Socrates death, Plato devoted his life to philosophy (Plato). In Platos book The Republic, the main focus is on justice, and trying to define what justice exactly is. In this book Socrates speaks Platos ideas. Through the Socratic method of trying to find a definition of justice, the theory of arete is often used, and is a central part of the book. Arete is the ability of something to do what it is supposed to do, and do it well. It is virtue, skill, and knowledge. The function of the soul is to live. The virtue (arete) of the soul is to live well. Through trying to define justice, Plato often uses the concept of arete. Thrasymachus says that justice is simply what the ruling party calls right or just. They call what is in the interest of the stronger party, or the rulers, justice (Grube 338c). Socrates responds by saying that the rulers should only by regarded in how well they perform their function. Their function being to serve the interest of the people which he rules, not his own interest (338c). Socrates says that everything has a function:The function of a pruning knife is to prune trees; the function of the eye is to see. Also, everything has a virtue; a virtue is a quality that makes something perform its function well. Thus, sharpness is the virtue of a knife; sight is the virtue of the eye. Now the function of man is to live. What, then, is his virtue? Well we agreed that injustice is a source of disunity and chaos; so it is a defect. Its opposite, justice, must there fore be a virtue, if not the only virtue, of man. But without its virtue, a thing cannot perform its function well. So without justice, a man cannot live well. And if he cannot live well, he cannot be happy. Injustice, then, cannot bring happiness. With out even using the word arete, he has just defined its concept (Cliffs 16). When trying to organize his state Socrates is describing what the state will need in order to be just. He says that each man will be assigned the job that he is best suited for. Each man will only get one job, so he can devote his life to that job, and do it well (Grube 369a-370c). They will need farmers, builders, and tailors, among others. But they will also need someone to make the tools for these people, in order for them to perform their tasks well (Cliffs 23). The guardians of the state have an extremely important job. For them to be able to perform their task well, they have to be selected and trained very carefully. They have to be courageous, and strong. They need to know when, and when not to attack. They must have knowledge and a love of knowledge in order to be able to discriminate well. These guardians are not just soldiers. They are the leaders of the state. They must have a philosophic temperament (Cliffs 23-28). In order for the guardians to perform their task well, they must be very carefully educated and trained. While they are children Socrates wants them to learning of the gods, and heroes. But he does not want them to learn the stories in which the gods commit murders and crimes. He is afraid that this may corrupt them. They must also never learn of stories, which will make them afraid of death. So they must never learn of the afterlife, and the underworld. They must only learn of the stories that will have good moral affects on them (Grube 392a-c). In other words, Plato uses censorship as an educational and persuasive tool. .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 , .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .postImageUrl , .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 , .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:hover , .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:visited , .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:active { border:0!important; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:active , .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2 .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7a6fb8cb70ebafb18f0ba96cd56104e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ============================================================ Medicine: EssayThe guardians are then divided into two groups. The rulers, who will govern the state, and the auxiliaries, who will assist the rulers and enforce their decisions. The rulers will consist only of the very best guardians. They are the older wiser men. All of their actions must be directed toward the community as a whole (Cliffs 28-30). The rest of the community is the craftsmen, or all the rest of the citizens who do not govern or protect the state. This group consists of the doctors, farmers, and laborers. These three classes have the four great virtues: wisdom, courage, discipline (temperance), and justice. Wisdom is found in the ruling class. For they judge what is right and wrong, good and bad. Courage is found in the auxiliaries. Discipline (temperance) does not fit into any one class alone. Discipline is a mastery of ones self; and is found in the way the classes relate to each other. Justice can only be found when the three prior virtues are there. And the three prior virtues can only be found when everyone does their jobs, and does them well (Cliffs 34). This has defined a just state. A just man is also very closely defined. There are three parts of the mind, and these relate to the three classes of the state. Reason corresponds to the rulers. Emotion corresponds to the auxiliaries. And desire corresponds to the craftsmens class. The four cardinal virtues will again only be present if the three parts of the mind perform their function well. Wisdom comes from wise reasoning, in the reasoning part of the mind. Courage comes from a courageous emotional mind. Discipline again does not fit into any one part, but only comes when the other tow parts interact well with each other. A mans reason must be in charge of his emotions and desires (Grube 434d-435a). Justice again is only present when the other three parts of the mind perform their functions well. They must all play their proper functions and not interfere with each other. Justice in the mind is like health in the body. A just man is one whose mind is in good order; A healthy man is one whose body is in good order. (Cliffs 38-39)Socrates has now said that a philosopher will make the best ruler. A philosopher will always be able to administer justice and act for the good of the community. A philosopher will always be honest and forthright. They will be well disciplined and not give into bodily desires. Money and possessions will not matter to them. They will not be cowardly. They will poses all four cardinal virtues. They will be best able to rule the state, and rule it well (Cliffs 41-44). He also goes on to say that to grow up to be a good ruler, their lives must be divided into six stages, as a child. Up until the age of 18 they will learn a small amount of mathematics, warfare, and watch battles. Then the best of that group will go through intense physical and military training for two-three years. The best of that group is now chosen and will take an advanced mathematics course, for ten years. Those not chosen from this group will form the auxiliary class. At the age of 30 after the mathematics course is completed, another selection is made. The best of this group will study dialectic for five years. At the age of 35 they will be philosophers. They will then have to receive practical experience. At the age of 50 they are now fully formed philosophy rulers (Grube 535a-540a). This process will enable the rulers to do their job well, which will in turn enable everyone they rule to do their jobs well, and to live well. .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 , .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .postImageUrl , .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 , .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:hover , .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:visited , .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:active { border:0!important; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:active , .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6 .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c05839936e347a972f3b7bcb4fc73c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Effects of Anabolic Steroids EssayThe concept of arete is not hard to understand, but it is hard to put into words. Although he never uses the word arete in his book, Plato does put it into words, just by trying to define justice. Bibliography:WORKS CITED1.Cliffs notes on. PLATOS THE REPUBLIC. Lincoln, Nebraska:19972.Grube, G.M.A.(translated by). Plato REPUBLIC. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, INC. 19923.Plato. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia.99.Dec 2, 1999

Leadership Strategic Leadership in a Changing World

Question: Describe about the Strategic Leadership in a Changing World? Answer: Before getting into the detailed study of Van Jones, we must know what is strategic leadership? Strategic leadership is one of the leadership styles which gives the image and the route to the growth and success of the organization (Clayton). Every executive in any organization needs the tools and skills for both strategy formulation and its implementation. It is the approach taken by the management of a company where all the aspects of the leadership are lined up with the business objectives and strategy (Jones). Anthony Kapel Van Jones, an American environmental advocate, attorney and civil rights activist, is a co-founder of four NPO, was born in September 20, 1968. He founded a national advocacy organization named Rebuild the Dream, which works towards to make a fairer economy. He was then appointed by the President of United States to a newly formed position Special Advisor for the Green Jobs at the White House Council on Environmental Quality where he worked on improving the vulnerable communities (Lipman-Blumen). In strategic leadership the leaders allow themselves to contemplate strategically where they can effectively navigate the unknown. Van Jones knows how to collaborate, influence and integrate power to lead organizations effectively. The success of his leadership depended on the judicious and equivalent alignment of operations, corporate culture and strategy (Mburu). There are seven principles of strategic leadership in changing the world related to Van Jones can be put in the following way: Strategic leaders have future strategy and are future oriented. Strategic leaders have the ability to get things done. Strategic leaders are very fit to lead. Strategic leaders are research led and are based on evidence. Strategic leaders have the ability to open new horizons. Strategic leaders make good partners. Strategic leaders do the next thing right. There are many evidences and studies from Van Jones life which we will throw some light on. There are many people who fought against the brutality of police. Although, it is very tough to solve this problem but many people are still fighting against it. We cannot always find justice in these cases because many people cannot survive these brutal cases. Van Jones has dedicated his life against the issue of police brutality since there was an incident in his life which acted as a turning point and made him protest. In the incident the police had brutalized and abused a young man and mercilessly left him to die, this mad Van Jones made built an organization where he can raise his voice against this issue and those police who torture the people. He started PoliceWatch which led a successful campaign in which they fired Marc Andaya who was accused of in-custody death of a black man who was unarmed. This certified referral portal helped in tracking problem precincts, officers, practices in just a click, which then identifies the offenders and troublemakers (Jones and Conrad). Van participated in the protest of Rodney King verdict as a legal monitor. He along with many other protestors was arrested and the district attorney put charges against Jones. He said that the activism was encouraged by seeing the racial discrimination. In the year 1996, Van Jones founded Ella Baker Centre an umbrella NGO. It is an action centre and a non-profit strategy centre. The aim of this centre is to work for peace, justice and opportunity in the urban America. It is named after an activist Ella Baker. This centre exclusively works in the course of four movements so as to break the sequence of the violence in the urban area. It also entitles to end the disinvestment in the cities and the excessive racist policy. It also calls for better and clean environment, schools and many prospects for the people. In October 2008, he released one of his books named The Green Collar Economy where he defines the issues which are big enough that the country is facing and will face (Jones, Conrad and Kennedy). He began promoting environmental justice and eco-capitalism. The campaign of Green Collar jobs was an effort to improve the economic and racial equality with the desire to alleviate the concerns of the environment. Van Jones is in favor of the combination of regulation, conservation and investment as the way to encourage environmental justice and oppose the environmental racism. At an interview he told that this is a third wave of environmentalism which makes the Teddy Roosevelt conservation era the first wave. He said that we are proceeding to an era where our survival will demand innovation and invention on the scale that anybody has ever seen before. So the success and our survival are directly attached to new eco-entrepreneurs. Jones marketing campaign's grassroots nature led to calling it a victory for the entire green-collar jobs movement. In the year 2009 it was declared that Jones will serve as the Special Advisor at the White House Council for Environmental Quality. He worked under the administration of Barrack Obama which resulted into $5050 million for the training of green job. He has worked as the advisor and helped administer the inter-agency procedure that directed $75 billion in the recovery spending of green energy. Jones received many criticisms from the media for his past activities in politics which included his involvement in STORM; this made him resign from his position. References Clayton, Helena. 'The Changing Leadership Landscape'. Strategic HR Review 11.2 (2012): 78-83. Web. Jones, Van, and Ariane Conrad. Rebuild The Dream. New York: Nation Books, 2012. Print. Jones, Van, Ariane Conrad, and Robert Francis Kennedy. The Green-Collar Economy. New York: HarperOne, 2008. Print. Jones, Van. Strategic Solutions For Business Economics. [S.l.]: Mcgraw-Hill Primis Custom, 2003. Print. Lipman-Blumen, Jean. Connective Leadership. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. Mburu, Antony. Strategic Leadership. Colne: Lap Lambert Academic Pub., 2010. Print.

Dr. George Koob received his Bachelor of Science d Essays

Dr. George Koob received his Bachelor of Science degree from Pennsylvania State University and his Ph.D. in Behavioral Physiology from The Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Koob's research interests are directed at the neurobiology of emotion, with a focus on the theoretical constructs of reward and stress. He has made contributions to our understanding of the anatomical connections of the emotional systems and the neurochemistry of emotional function. Dr. Koob has identified afferent and efferent connections of the basal forebrain in the region of the nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central nucleus of the amygdala in motor activation, reinforcement mechanisms, behavioral responses to stress, drug self-administration, and the neuroadaptation associated with drug dependence. Dr. Koob also is one of the world's authorities on the neurobiology of drug addiction. He has contributed to our understanding of the neurocircuitry associated with the acute reinforcing ef fects of drugs of abuse and more recently on the neuroadaptations of these reward circuits associated with the transition to dependence. He has validated key animal models for dependence associated with drugs of abuse and has begun to explore a key role of anti-reward systems in the development of dependence. Dr. Michel LeMoal is a graduate of Herricks High School in New Hyde Park, New York. He received his B.A., his Ph.D. and his M.D. from Yale University. He completed his residency in psychiatry at both McLean Hospital in Massachusetts and Yale in 1987. Dr. LeMoal is currently the Dean for Academic and Scientific Affairs and Director of the Friedman Brain Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. Dr. LeMoal served as the Director of the Division of Molecular Psychiatry at Yale until 2000, and as Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. He joined Mount Sinai in 2008. He has served on the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, on the National Advisory Mental Health Council for the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Advisory Drug Abuse Council for the National Institute on Drug Abuse, as Council Member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmac ology (for which he served as president in 2011) and the Society for Neuroscience. His focus in neuropsychopharmacology concentrates on forming a molecular approach to psychiatry and furthering the understanding of the molecular basis of both depression and drug addiction, using animal models to study the way that drug use or stress affects the brain. The main theme of this article is drug addiction and how it affects the human brain. The signs of a drug addiction consist of a high craving of drugs with no regard for the way in which it is acquired (Koob LeMoal, p. 3115). Most of the effects of drugs occur in the brain, where it increases the level of dopamine at a specific site, often giving the user a feeling of pleasure (Koob LeMoal, p. 3115). Almost all illicit drugs directly affect the frontal cortex of the brain, in ways in which it can lead to psychological cravings (Koob LeMoal, p. 3116). As a result, this often causes the user to binge use. During the early stages of rehabilitation, it is often necessary for the user to take prescription medication in order to deactivate the psychological symptoms of withdrawal (Koob LeMoal, p. 3116). There are many biological factors that are involved with the addicted brain. The addicted brain is distinctly different from the non-addicted brain, as manifested by changes in brain metabolic activity, receptor availability, gene expression, and responsiveness to environmental cues (Koob LeMoal, pp. 3117-3118). In the brain, there are many changes that take place when drugs enter a person's blood stream. Drug ingestion begins in the ventral tegmentum, then it goes to the nucleus accumbens, the limbic system, finally to the orbitofrontal cortex, also known as the mesolimbic reward system (Koob LeMoal, p. 3118). The activation of this reward system seems to be the common element in what hooks drug users on drugs. Drugs seem to cause surges in dopamine neurotransmitters and other pleasure brain messengers. However, the brain quickly adapts and these circuits desensitize, which allows

Mathematician essays

Mathematician essays John Napier was born in Merchiston Tower in 1550. He was born during one of the most exciting periods of Scottish and European history. Napier was known as the Marvellous Merchiston. This was a title that many people said that he well deserved. He got this title for his genius and imaginative vision encompassed a number of fields. At the age of thirteen John went into college at St. Salvators College in St. Andrews. John Napier was a philosopher and a mathematician. He is the inventor of Logarithms and the inventor of the decimal point. He made one of the single greatest advances in the history of mathematicians. It is said without Napiers work on logarithms it is difficult to imagine how Kepler and Newton could have made their great advances in later times. His work, Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, contained thirty seven pages of explanatory matter and ninety pages of tables, which facilitated the futherment of astronomy, dynamics, and physics. Napier published a small way to perform multiplication, the Rabdologiae. This became known as Napiers Rods or Bones. He explained another method of division and multiplication using metal plates. This was the earliest attempt to try to use mechanical means of calculation. This makes him the grandfather of our calculator today. Napiers study of mathematics was only a hobby when he first started. Some of his other mathematical contributions were the formulas for mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles. He also found exponential expressions for trigonometric functions and introduced the decimal notation for fractions. Unlike the logarithms today, Napiers were not really to any base but in our terminology it is not unreasonable to say that they are to base 1/e. Napier did not think of logarithms in an algebraic way. Algebra was not ...

The Effect of Osmosis on Potato Tissue When Placed In Different Essay

The Effect of Osmosis on Potato Tissue When Placed In Different Concentrations of Sugar Solutions - Essay Example This is in contrast to the potato slice in the first beaker in which only 1 teaspoon of sugar was dissolved and which has shrunk the least. This pilot experiment will now be conducted in a much more accurate fashion and the investigation will deal with sugar in moles per litre of solution and the weight difference of the potato slices will be determined in order to correlate the sugar solution molarity with the change in weight of the potato slice. Hypothesis- Place potato tissues of the same dimensions and weight and taken from the same potato in sugar solutions of different molarities (a measure of concentration i.e. the number of moles of sugar present in 1 liter of solution), all at the same temperature and pressure, then osmosis takes place and there will be a difference in the weights of potato slices in the different samples. Materials needed to conduct the experiment- a sharp knife, a weighing balance, 4 beakers, 4 potato slices, sugar solutions of different concentrations of sugar-0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M and water with no sugar dissolved in it. (around 68F/20C) and pressure.

LOGISTICS & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LOGISTICS & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 3 - Essay Example Thus managers can consider the inventory management problem to be a part of operations scheduling problem. Conventionally managers take a narrower view of the delivery. The timing of activities may have a direct impact on resources and the level of service (Naylor, 2002). The purpose of capacity management is the planning task, and the modification of capacity is the key problem area in system control. Capacity decisions will have a direct impact on system performance and on both resource utilization and customer service. It is important to note that organizations cannot operate without good capacity management. For instance, excess capacity gives rise to low resource productivity, while inadequate capacity means poor customer service. Decisions made in other areas have a direct impact the other area. Inventory management is aimed to plan and facilitate the provision of effective customer service. For instance, organizations cannot exist without stocks of raw materials, work in progress or, where appropriate, output goods. The planning of inventory levels, the control of inventories and the maintenance of such stocks are crucial for production and successful performance.

What It Means To Be Human Religion Essay

What It Means To Be Human Religion Essay [1st]First of all, I would like to emphasize the theological and academic depth of Dr Mark Elliotts paper. I would also like to acknowledge the initiative of the Ecumenical Institute at Bossey (especially of its director, Professor Fr Ioan Sauca) in organizing this dialogue between Evangelicals and Orthodox which enables members of each tradition from different national contexts to meet and explore areas of convergence on major Christian themes. Such discussion between the two different traditions might bring to light common points of doctrine and bring them closer to one another. The Orthodox need to draw nearer to the Evangelicals, and the Evangelicals need to see the Orthodox world with more confidence. The time has already come for us to be no longer divided. [bod]The theme of this years seminar, What it means to be Human, will enable Orthodox and Evangelicals to explore, compare and contrast their understandings of what it means to be human (theological anthropology), and to reflect on how the extent of convergence in this area might bring us closer together theologically and facilitate our joint practical action. [hed]Convergence and Divergence [hed1]1. The four distinctive characteristics [1st]In the first part of his paper, Dr Elliott outlines present day Evangelicalism both from a historical and a doctrinal perspective. I have noted the four distinctive characteristics of Evangelicalism those of conversionism, Biblicism, crucicentrism and activism, to which the Evangelical Alliance has added that of Christocentrism, for [as Dr Elliott says] it is hard to imagine any Christian movement or denomination that would not call itself Christocentric. [bod]The first four characteristics are also found in the Orthodox doctrinal framework in a more or less nuanced form. However, the Orthodox might have some problems with the fifth element Christocentrism in the sense in which the author has mentioned it. The author writes, I I think Evangelicals do have a particular way of understanding the incarnation as being less about the assumption of humanity than as the activity of the God-man individual, who is more a substitute than a representative. For the Orthodox, Jesus Christ, through his incarnation, has assumed our humanity in his divine hypostasis. In Jesus Christ our human nature has received its real existence, not as being its own centre but in a pre-existent centre, namely in the unity of the divine hypostasis of the Logos. Through his incarnation the hypostasis of the divine Logos did not unite with another human hypostasis; rather, he assumed human nature in his eternal divine hypostasis, becoming, by means of this event, the hypostasis of our own human nature. Hence, through his incarnation, Jesus Christ as Son of God became united in a supreme manner with our humanity. In other words, he came into the closest possible proximity with us. This process is a consequence of the hypostatic union. That is why he is called God-Man. [bod]From this point of view, our humanity has been healed from all the effects and consequences of the original sin by Jesuss sacrifice and resurrection. It is important to emphasize in this context that the sacrifice of Jesus was directed not only towards his Father but also towards his own human nature and, implicitly, towards us human beings. Through his sacrifice offered to God, Jesus Christ is made perfect as a human being, sanctifying or perfecting other human beings through this. The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews writes clearly on this matter: and having been made perfect, he became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him (Heb. 5:9). Or For if the blood of goats and bulls, with the sprinkling of the ashes of a heifer, sanctifies those who have been defiled so that their flesh is purified, how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, purify our conscience from dead works to worship the living God! (Heb. 9:13-14). The same author says further: it is by Gods will that we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For by a single offering he has perfected for all time those who are being sanctified (Heb. 10:10,14). Christ has become through his cross and resurrection the first-fruits of those who have fallen asleep (1 Cor. 15:20). Therefore, he is not a substitute for humankind, but the one who fully assumed and fulfilled it. From this perspective, we as human beings do not remain external to the incarnation, but are truly present in it. [hed1]2. Atonement: one of the three issues in Evangelical theological anthropology [1st]For the Orthodox, Christs sacrifice and his death on the cross are not understood as penal substitutionary atonement. From this point of view, statements like sin incurs divine wrath and judgmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and on the cross, Jesus sacrificially atoned for sin by dying in our place and paying the price of such sin are problematic for our soteriological doctrine. [bod]The Orthodox understand Jesuss death on the cross as being more a healing of the human nature disfigured by sin, and not as a price that Jesus had to pay in our place in order to satisfy God, whose honour is offended by our sin. In view of the fact that we have been created as an overflow of Gods love, our sin has caused him more sadness than offence. The concept of a substitutionary sacrifice by means of which the offended honour of God was re-established, has more to do with a so-called juridical act (sin-punishment-redemption) than with one which would express the divine love or sympathy. In this respect, the Orthodox might also have a problem with the concept of inherited guilt. Although Paul seems to be quite clear in this respect Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death spread to all because all have sinned (Rom. 5:12) I think this may cause difficulties for the Orthodox. In my own opinion, Paul is talking in th is context about the consequences of sin rather than inherited guilt resulting from Adams sin. According to the theology of the church fathers, we consider the cross as the way to resurrection. From this point of view, Orthodox theology is more resurrectional than Evangelicalism, although this does not mean that the Orthodox put less emphasis on the sacrifice of Christ than on his resurrection. In Orthodox worship, the veneration of the cross is not separated from the praise of the resurrection. This is wonderfully illustrated in a liturgical hymn: We worship your Cross, Jesus Christ, and your holy Resurrection we praise and honour. When considering the difference between a Calvinian and a Grotian understanding of the cross, the Orthodox may ask, are the Evangelicals more Calvinian or Grotian? Dr Elliott points out that Calvin sees God as being pleased because his Son as man obeyed him. For Grotius, God is above any such sense of being offended. The anthropological premise is that humans are taken seriously by God, but what does this mean? From this point of view, the Orthodox are closer to the doctrinal position of Grotius than to that of Calvin. My question is further justified by the following point made by Dr Elliott: To be honest, those who espouse a view that God the Father did not send his Son to the cross with a view to his bearing a penalty are arguably those who see the cross as one doctrine among others, and perhaps are not crucicentric enough to be traditionally Evangelical. [hed1]3. The Authority and Power of the Bible and The Uniqueness and Universality of Christ two theological issues highlighted by the Lausanne Covenant, 1974 [1st]The concept of mission, based on the authority and power of the Bible and the uniqueness and universality of Christ, may be a point of convergence between the two traditions. Nevertheless, there is a tendency for the Orthodox to put more emphasis on the liturgical reading of the Bible than on the teaching and preaching of it. As Professor John Breck has said, [shortquote]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ however important the place of the Bible may be in both personal and liturgical usage, for many Orthodox that place is purely formal. They respect and venerate the Scriptures, they recognize many familiar passages, particularly from the Sunday Gospel readings, and they insist that theirs is a biblical Church. Nevertheless, only a small minority seeks daily nourishment from Bible reading. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ we Orthodox have all too often neglected or even abandoned our patristic heritage which placed primary emphasis on the preaching of Gods Word. [1st]In this sense, the frequently made comment that the Orthodox kiss the Bible and dont read it is not entirely unjustified. [hed1]4. The true image of God [1st]The idea that human beings are created by and in Christ as the true image of God (Heb. 1:1-4) with the hope of a blessed and immortal life is a point of convergence between our traditions. Yet church fathers do not speak only of the image of God, but also and to an equal extent of the resemblance (likeness) to God. In this sense St John of Damascus says, the phrase according to the image means the reason and freedom, whereas according to the resemblance means likenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. He continues, the image is developed into likeness through the practice of virtues. Therefore, the image of God is something which is given to us and the resemblance is something that we have to achieve. It is only in this sense that we might accept what Paul Evdokimov said: An image without resemblance is one reduced to passivity. But even in a passive state, the realization that we are made in the image of God remains eikona tou Theou. This reality is beautifully expressed in the words of th e Orthodox funeral service: I am the image of your ineffable glory, though I bear the marks of my transgressions. [bod]Since the man is created not only from dust but also through Gods breath of life it becomes obvious that he has a special relationship with the nature from which he is formed, and also with God his Creator. As St Gregory of Nazianzus affirms, Since from dust I have been created, I belong to the earthly life; but being also a small divine part, I also carry in my life the desire for eternal life. Therefore, because he is made in the image of God, man is rooted and anchored in eternity. But being the image of God refers not only to the soul but also to the body. St Gregory Palamas sees the image as relating to the whole human being: The name man does not refer to the soul or the body in a separate way, but to both at the same time because they were created together according to the image of God. [hed1]5. The weakness of the will and the grace of God [1st]We as Orthodox fully agree that after Adams sin, human will remained very weak. But in spite of this fact, human beings still have the freedom to choose for God. This was specially emphasized by the Patriarch Jeremias during a dialogue with the Lutherans around 1580, as Dr Elliott comments: humans preserved the ability to choose for God freedom as the possibility of choice. According to the Orthodox perspective, grace does not force or limit the human will and its freedom. That is, grace does not work in or for human beings in an irresistible way, forcing them to receive grace in order to be saved without their collaboration. The reason why not all human beings are saved is not because this is predestined by God, with some people being saved and others being lost, but, rather, because of a lack of response by some people to grace. The grace of God does not force anyone to pursue actions independently of their will. That is why the Orthodox refuse to accept the concept of absolu te predestination. [bod]Nowadays, we hear more and more voices among Orthodox in favour of a relative predestination, in the sense that God desires everyone to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth (1 Tim. 2:4). This relative predestination is shown in Gods will for every human being to be saved. This understanding of predestination sees it as conditioned by Gods foreknowledge of peoples collaboration or otherwise with divine grace: those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son (Rom. 8:29). If God predestined the salvation of only some human beings, that would contradict his eternal love as manifested in the incarnation and the cross of his Son, and also the ontological-universal value of the Christs sacrifice on the cross. From this point of view, Elliotts comment that for the sixteenth-century Lutherans in dialogue the point of salvation was to have ones independent centre of decision-making removed, to be replaced with total dependence on God sounds quite strange to the Orthodox. [hed1]6. Sanctification and justification [1st]Are we wholly sanctified when we are justified? And when does this process happen? At conversion or at baptism? From Dr Elliotts paper we may conclude that there is a lack of consensus among the Evangelicals in this respect. Is human sinful nature totally destroyed? Are the roots of pride, self-will, anger and love of the world totally removed from the heart, as John Wesley claimed? These are questions that need to be addressed. [bod]From an Orthodox perspective, conversion is the simple act of affirmation of a decision with regard to justification. The process of becoming holy begins with the sacrament of baptism. However, the fulfilment of holiness is obtained only at the end of a constant battle with sin and the continual practice of virtue. From this point of view, the Orthodox see two stages towards true holiness: sacramental holiness, obtained temporarily through baptism, and moral holiness, understood as a final stage to be reached. In this final stage, holiness corresponds to a stage which in patristic tradition and spirituality is called theosis. We will return to this issue again at the end of this paper. The Orthodox perspective on the sinful nature of human beings affirms that after the fall, the image of God was not totally lost and human knowledge was not entirely reduced to a dark and opaque understanding of the world. Human beings can partially penetrate this opacity by means of another way of knowing, namely that which arises from virtue. The marring of the image of God (darkening of reason, corruption of the heart, weakening of the will) in human beings does not mean its destruction or abolition, for none of the human spiritual functions were completely destroyed through original sin. Original sin has only obscured the image of God in human beings, not destroyed it. The tendency and the capacity of human beings to know and to want to do what is good have also survived the fall, but obviously in a weakened state. Fallen human beings are also able to achieve virtue and overcome temptation if you do what is right (cf. Gen. 4:7); fallen human beings can reject death, choosing lif e See, I have set before you today life and prosperity, death and adversity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Choose life, so that you and your descendants may live (Deut. 30:15,19). Therefore Orthodox do not see human beings as totally fallen, nor the image of God in humanity as totally destroyed. [hed1]7. The anthropology of revivalism [1st]I do not know to what extent Evangelicals accept the ideas of Charles Finney, presented in Dr Elliotts paper and summarized below. But some of these could, with certain qualifications, be shared by the Orthodox. For instance: [list]- Preach the reality of hell, not of sin. Being filled by the Spirit is vital since, in the spiritual battle, attack is the best form of defence. One must give the heart to God and submit to him. Repentance is a change of mind, as regards God and towards sin. It is not only a change of view, but a change of the ultimate preference or choice of the soul. It is a voluntary change and by consequence involves a change of feeling and of action toward God and toward sin. These words may be accepted by the Orthodox as being a clear definition of the meaning of repentance. Humans have responsibility to repent and believers should not pray that God would help them to do that, for the sinner has to provide the will and disposition. However, these words leave no space for synergism, understood as cooperation between God and human beings concerning the process of their renewal. [1st]The Pauline statement in 2 Corinthians 4:16 is very important in relation to the process of human renewal. So we do not lose heart. Even though our outer nature is perishing, our inner nature is being renewed day by day. According to the Orthodox, our salvation includes: [list]a passage from death to life, from darkness to light (John 3:1-6; Col. 1:13-14), through repentance, faith and baptism I have been saved. a process of spiritual growth and maturation (2 Pet. 1:2-8) through ongoing repentance, faith and communion, often called deification I am being saved. Paul writes of our inner life being renewed day by day. a promise of eternal life (2 Cor. 5:9-11; John 14:1-6), calling us to perseverance and righteousness I shall be saved. [hed1]8. The relation between soul and body [1st]What is the soul? Answers such as the body is the image of God by association with the soul and soul and body are aspects of the human existence, quoted by Dr Elliott, may be seen as convergence points between the anthropologies of our two traditions. Therefore, the human beings uniqueness consists in the close relation between spirit and soma. Salvation is for the whole human being soma and soul. Similarly, the final act of universal judgment applies to the whole human being. Our anthropology is therefore understood only through the eschatological event. That is why the body will be raised again in order to be judged by the Creator, together with the soul with which it has formed a unity during its earthly life. From this point of view, the death of the body does not mean its destruction, but the passageway towards a new existence. [bod]In view of the fact that Paul says your life is hidden with Christ in God (Col. 3:3), we may conclude that our humanity is a great mystery. Some of the Evangelicals appear to disagree with this. [hed1]9. Deification (Theosis) [1st]Dr Elliott argues that Evangelicals may have problems with deification. Why should this be so? If we understand deification in the sense in which R. J. Bauckham and other theologians apparently did, as quoted in the paper, namely that humans become divine as God is divine, such a thought is obviously unthinkable for any Christian theologian, Evangelical or Orthodox. From an Orthodox point of view, deification is more than being in the image of God or being adopted as Gods children. Being renewed by Gods grace, we become partakers of the divine nature: Thus he has given us, through these things, his precious and very great promises, so that through them you may escape from the corruption that is in the world because of lust, and may become participants in the divine nature (2 Pet. 1:4). This does not mean that we become divine by nature. If we participated in Gods essence or nature, the distinction between God and humans would be abolished. What this means is that we participate in Gods divine grace, described in scripture in a number of ways, such as glory, love, virtue and power. We are to become like God by his grace, and truly his adopted children, but we never become God by nature. For we are human, always have been human, and always will be human. We cannot take on the nature of God. [bod]Divinization, in the definitive form which the fathers gave it, looks towards a single goal. That is the goal of assuring man that the quest for the authentic person (not as a mask or as a tragic figure) is not mythical or nostalgic but a historical reality. Jesus Christ does not justify the title of Saviour because he brings the world a sublimely beautiful revelation of personhood, but because he realizes in history the very reality of the person and makes it the basis and hypostasis of the person for every man. According to some church fathers, this transformation occurs especially through the eucharist, for when Christs body and blood become one with ours, we become Christ-bearers and partakers of the divine nature. St John of Damascus, writing in the eighth century, makes a remarkable observation. The word God in the scriptures refers not to the divine nature or essence, for that is unknowable. God refers rather to the divine energies the power and grace of God which we can perceive in this world. The Greek word for God, Theos, comes from a verb meaning to run, to see or to burn. These are energy words, not essence words. In John 10:34 Jesus, quoting Psalm 82:6, repeats the statement, You are gods. The fact that he was speaking to a group of religious leaders who were accusing him of blasphemy allows, in my opinion, for the following interpretation: Jesus is not using the term god to refer to the divine nature. We are gods in that we bear his image, not his nature. Deification means that we are to become more like God through his grace, that is through his divine energies. The process of our being renewed in Gods image and likeness (Gen. 1:26) began when the Son of God assumed our humanity in the womb of the blessed Virgin Mary. Thus, those who are joined with Christ through faith in holy baptism enter into a re-creation process, being renewed in Gods image and likeness. Based on the earlier Council of Chalcedon, as well as on the theology of Saint Maximus the Confessor (c.580-662), Palamas strenuously defended the churchs teaching that a direct, personal experience of God himself (theosis) was accessible through Gods energies made available through the hypostatic union of the two natures of Christ. The incarnate Word hypostasized human nature and acted in accordance with the divine and human wills. There was thus a sharing of attributes (communication idiomatum) whereby the humanity of Christ was penetrated by the divine energies and thereby deified. Those divine energies, which we partake of, were not understood as an impersonal something from God but as God himself because Christ is consubstantial (homoousios) with the Father. Through the incarnate Christ, God gives himself to us in such a living, personal way that the gift and the giver are one and the same. Historically, deification has often been illustrated by the sword and fire metaphor. A steel sword is thrust into a hot fire until the sword takes on a red glow. The energy of the fire penetrates the sword. The sword never becomes fire, but it picks up the properties of fire. By application, the divine energies penetrate the human nature of Christ. Being joined to Christ, our humanity is interpenetrated with the energies of God through Christs glorified flesh. Nourished by the body and blood of Christ, we partake of the grace of God his strength, his righteousness, his love and are enabled to serve him and glorify him. Thus we, being human, are being deified. Theosis means the transformation of being into true personhood in the person of Christ. The conclusion is that the ontology of personhood and communion which emerges from the understanding of the eucharist as a communion event in the body of Christ forms the basis for the understanding of the God-world relation, and more importantly, the patristic notion of energies. In this context, we can see that theosis is trinitarian through unity in the hypostasis of Christ. Theosis is, therefore, the ultimate goal toward which all people should strive, the blessed telos for which all things were made. It describes the ineffable descent of God to the ultimate limit of our fallen human condition, even unto death a descent of God which opens to men a path of ascent, the unlimited vistas of the union of created beings with the Divinity. Deification is a descriptive term for Gods redemptive activity towards human beings. When human beings respond to this activity, the ultimate transformation of a human being without losing personhood is made possible. It is a process that should be understood in a carefully qualified sense, as an ongoing process, going from one realm of glory to another (2 Cor. 3:18). Even when the term deification is not explicitly mentioned it is implicitly present as the content of the salvation proclaimed by the gospel. [hed]Conclusions [list]In terms of a definition of what it means to be human, we may assert the following: The human being is the image of God and at the same time is called to his resemblance (likeness). Jesus incarnation, cross and resurrection do not only make possible the salvation of human beings, but also herald the starting point (beginning) of their deification. The basis for the deification of human beings is found in Jesus Christs deified nature. An example of this reality can be found in John 20:19-20. Here we read of the resurrected Jesus appearing to his ten disciples. He enters the house and stands in their midst although the doors were shut. The justification and sanctification of human beings are two different processes with three distinct stages: [list2] I have been saved started in faith, repentance, baptism and Eucharist; b. I am being saved achieved by means of the life in Christ; c. I shall be saved continued in the process of deification in eternity. 5. The death of the body does not mean the dissolution of the human being, but it represents the entry into a new existence in Gods presence. From this perspective, human beings are immortal.